Osho on American Psychologist B. F. Skinner Born in 1904, Burrhus Fredric Skinner was an American psychologist, inventor, behaviorist, author, and social philosopher in the 20th century. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1931 and went to the University of Minnesota and Indiana University to further accelerate his research. Skinner returned to Harvard as a tenured professor of psychology in 1948 where he stayed until his retirement in 1974. He wrote 21 books and 180 articles in his life, starting with The Behavior of Organisms in 1938. Skinner believed free will to be a mirage - something that is not attainable - and viewed human behavior as a game of call-and-response. In his opinion, the behavior or actions of a human being completely depended on the consequences of previous actions - in this way, they could be controlled with the repetition of stimuli and subsequent reinforcement. Skinner developed various theories such as behavior analysis and operant conditioning and even invented devices to put them to test, such as the operant conditioning chamber (the Skinner box). He received a lot of criticism for his work, along with appreciation and awards; one of them being the Lifetime Achievement Award by AMA in 1990.&nbsp; Osho mentions Skinner, “With Skinner, of course, there is no dignity and no freedom; with behaviourists there is no dignity and no freedom. That is the only difference between a spiritual approach about man and the materialistic approach about man. Spirituality believes that man has some transcendence. He can always do something which nobody could have predicted; he can always do something which even surprises himself. For example, this sannyas is a quantum jump. You could not have predicted it, you had never dreamt about it. You have never thought about it, it was never an alternative in your life, but it is happening. Let this be the beginning of many more happenings. Become more and more loose, fluid. That is the meaning of nihar.”<div class="raw-html-embed"><div style="width:100%;height:1px;background:#00000036;margin:10px 0;"></div></div>OSHO, CAN AFFIRMATIONS BE HELPFUL FOR DECONDITIONING THE MIND? Anne Halpa, Deconditioning is possible only through negations, never through affirmations. Affirmation is the way of conditioning the mind. You have to negate: neti neti. The Upanishads say: "Neither this nor that." You have to go on negating till nothing is left to negate. When there is absolute emptiness and no content is left to be negated anymore, this is the state of a deconditioned mind. A deconditioned mind is not a mind at all, it is a no mind. And how can you achieve a no-mind through affirmations? Affirmations mean that you are repeating something constantly, creating an atmosphere of autohypnosis. That's what people have been doing for thousands of years. Go on telling the child, "God is. He created the world," again and again and again -- and the whole society goes on repeating it in the home, in the school, in the church -- everywhere you go on repeating it -- and the child becomes conditioned. Then he starts thinking as if he knows that God is. He is simply a gramophone record! It has become imprinted on his mind that God is. If he had been born in Soviet Russia the situation would have been just the opposite, because there they go on repeating, "There is no God." One of my friends visited Soviet Russia. He was a teacher, and he was very interested in the Soviet system of education, so he visited schools, colleges, universities -- many schools. And he told me that even small children laugh at the idea of God. On his first visit he went to a small school and asked the small children, "Do you believe in God?" They all laughed. They said, "Do you?" And he said, "Yes, I believe in God." And they said, "In the past, primitive people used to believe in God, ignorant people used to believe in God. Now nobody believes in God." These children are conditioned to believe that there is no God. Just because of the word "no", don't think that it is a negation -- it is an affirmation. Affirmation can be of belief, affirmation can be of disbelief. Real negation means helping people to get rid of all kinds of beliefs and disbeliefs, helping them to get rid of all the conditionings that the society enforces upon you. Adolf Hitler in his autobiography writes: "There is only a very small difference between truth and untruth. Truth is untruth repeated many times, that's all." And he is right in many ways. Repeat any untruth, just go on repeating it, and sooner or later people will start believing it. People have believed in all kinds of things for the simple reason that the people who were in authority were believers, they believed in these things. If they believed in God, then the masses believed in God. People look up to the authorities: the priests, the politicians, the rich people, the scholars, the professors. If they are all believers, then there must be a God. If they believe that there is no God, then the masses start following them. The masses are simply imitators. And the society -- every society -- creates a certain atmosphere of conditioning.&nbsp; No society exists in the world yet which does not live through this process of conditioning. And the whole process of conditioning is harmful, poisonous, because it destroys the freedom of the individual. It destroys his capacity to inquire into truth. It destroys his adventure into life. It destroys his initiative to explore what is. Before he ever asks a question, the answer is imprinted upon him. And the people who go on doing this have vested interests. The priests would like you to believe in God. The communists would like you not to believe in God. There is nobody who is interested in you; they are all interested in their vested interests. So, Anne Halpa, affirmations cannot be helpful. All affirmations are conditionings. You need total negativity. That's what Zen is: it negates. It says there is no God, it says there is no soul, it says there is no paradise, it says there is nothing. It leaves you nothing to believe in. Even if you start believing in nothing, the Zen Master is going to hit you hard. It happened: A disciple of Bokuju would again and again bring his new experiences -- that he had experienced energy rising in his spine -- and he would be beaten. And Bokuju said, "Get out of here! Don't bring such nonsense to me! You are not it. You are the watcher who watched the energy rising. So don't get identified with it, otherwise it is again a new identification, a new ego: the birth of a new ego, a spiritual ego, which is far more dangerous than ordinary egos." Then he came one day and said, "You are right. Now I am seeing great light. I am full of light, all is light!" He was beaten again and he was told, "You are not light either, you are the watcher. Who is seeing the light? You are the seer." And it went on this way again and again for years. After ten years he came really happy, fell at the feet of the Master and said, "Now you will be happy with me -- no need to beat. I have experienced nothingness!" And this time the Master was so angry! He threw him physically out of the window -- of a two-story house. He fell on a rock, and the Master looked from the window and said, "How are you feeling now?" And the hit was so hard that it really brought him to his senses! He started laughing. Lying down there on the rock he started laughing. The Master also jumped from the window, embraced the disciple and told him, "Now I am happy, really happy!" The other disciples asked, "What has transpired? It is so mysterious!" Bokuju said, "To say, 'I have experienced nothingness,' is wrong because then you have made an object of nothingness. Nothingness has again become your affirmation -- a thought, a content. You have to get rid of nothingness too! When he laughed, then, in his laughter, I could see nothingness. There was nobody who was laughing, there was simply laughter -- no claim, no claimer, just simple laughter, pure laughter. There was nobody who was laughing." And that very moment the Master felt connected with the disciple for the first time. Otherwise, all those experiences were creating barriers. Affirmations can't help. All affirmations are conditionings. "Cats, my dear," said the spinster, "I hate the very sight of them. I had a sweet little canary and some cat got that. I had a perfect parrot, and some cat got that. I had an adorable fiance, and -- oh, don't mention cats to me!" This is how things become conditionings. Now the very word "cat" has become associated with many many bad experiences. The word "cat" has nothing to do with those experiences. It is said of Napoleon that he was defeated because of cats. The enemy general brought seventy cats in front of the army because he came to know that the moment Napoleon saw cats he went crazy. He would lose all balance, he would lose all intelligence and become very nervous. And that was a truth, because when Napoleon was only a six-month-old child, a wild cat had jumped on his chest, and since then, although he could fight with lions, don't mention cats! That had become a very deep conditioned reflex. Behaviorists all over the world are trying to manipulate this process of conditioning in order to create a robot-like humanity. Skinner says that we can change the whole of humanity within a few years. There is no need for a Buddha or a Jesus or a Mohammed to change humanity -- and they have not changed it. For centuries they have been teaching, and nothing has happened; humanity has remained the same. We can change humanity very easily. All that is needed are methods of conditioning people. If you want somebody not to steal there is no need to put him into prison for ten years. That is not going to help; in fact, that will condition him to be a bigger thief than he ever was, because he will be living with thieves. He will be living with greater experts than himself and all that he is going to learn is why he got caught in the first place. Next time he is not going to commit the same mistake. That's why once a person goes to jail he becomes a regular. Then he comes again and again. Then the jail becomes his home -- he becomes a jail-bird. He goes outside only to practice his art, and he comes back again to do the homework. The homework he does in the jail. Skinner says there is no need to waste time, just give him electric shocks and within two, three weeks we will condition him. He will never think of stealing. Even the idea of stealing will be enough, and he will start trembling and he will fall down on his knees. Just the very idea will be enough to make him so nervous... All those electric shocks will be remembered by him. He proposes that every vice can be dropped from humanity just by giving electric shocks or with methods like that, and all virtues can be established by giving rewards, beautiful rewards. For example, they have found that in your head there are different centers for different experiences. There is a pleasure center: when you are making love, the pleasure that you derive from it has nothing to do with your genital organs, it happens in your head. The genital organs simply trigger a process. In fact, the pleasure happens in your head, in your brain. Now, Skinner says there is no need to go into such a long process of courtship and talking nonsense to a woman or to a man and then getting caught and married and having a thousand and one troubles. He says simple things are possible. You just have to keep a small box in your pocket which will be connected with the pleasure center in your head -- without any wires, it will be a wire-less connection. So don't be worried that people will see wires coming out of your head and going into your pocket, and everybody will know what you are carrying in your pocket! Just a small box in the pocket, and you can push the button, and suddenly you have a great orgasm and you are all smiles! Skinner says to reward people for their virtue, for their good deeds, by manipulating their pleasure center, and then they will keep doing those things. For example, if whenever you go into the church suddenly you have great orgasms, naturally you will go more often. In fact, you will not leave the church at all! You will have to be forced to go out and do something else. Skinner was working on a rat. He connected the rat's pleasure center with a small box and taught the rat to push the button. You will be surprised what the rat did: six thousand times he pushed the button; until he fell dead he went on pushing! He forgot everything else. He forgot food, he forgot to drink, he forgot everything else. He just went on and on pushing -- six thousand times. Poor rat! Could not bear that much joy! Died, but died in ecstasy! This can be done to man. This is going to be done because the idea is simple, very simple, and the process is simple. And governments are bound to use it because it is easy to condition people not to do certain things and to do certain other things. Then everybody will be a saint and nobody will be a sinner. But saints or sinners, they will all be robots. They will not have any choice of their own. Ultimately it can happen that there is no need to have your own small boxes. Just in every country's capital -- in New Delhi, in Washington, in London -- the prime minister or the president holds the key. And every once in a while he pushes the button and the whole country goes into an orgasmic joy! Then everybody will be obedient. Nobody will break any commandments, nobody will go against them. And the whole country can be punished just by pushing a button, because just as there is a pleasure center in the brain there is a pain center in the brain. Just push the pain center and you are in such agony, you are in hell. But this is not going to bring freedom to humanity. This will be the destruction of all freedom and all possibility of freedom. It has to be stopped. Anne Halpa, affirmations, whether repeated in the old, primitive way or done by a more scientific, technological methodology, are the same. Man needs to be totally free of all conditionings. And that is possible only through absolute negation. Only pure consciousness is left and everything else is negated. Just the watcher is left and nothing to watch. The seer is left and nothing to see. The experiencer is left and nothing to experience. That's what we in the East have called "the witness". And that is transcendence -- transcendence of all bondage, transcendence from body, mind, and all the limitations that body and mind impose upon you. Nirvana is possible, absolute freedom is possible, but only via the negative. Source: Listen to complete discourse at mentioned below link. Discourse Series: <a href="/walking-in-zen-sitting-in-zen-02" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Walking in Zen, Sitting in Zen, Chapter #2</a> Chapter title: This Is Sacred, This Is Divine 6 March 1980 am in Buddha Hall References: Osho has spoken on notable Psychologists and philosophers like Adler, Jung, Sigmund Freud, Assagioli, Wilhelm Reich, Aristotle, Berkeley, Confucius, Descartes, Feuerbach, Hegel, Heidegger, Heraclitus, Huxley, Jaspers, Kant, Kierkegaard, Laing, Marx, Moore, Nietzsche, Plato, Pythagoras, Russell, Sartre, Socrates, Wittgenstein and many others in His discourses. Some of these can be referred to in the following books/discourses: 1. The Hidden Splendour&nbsp; 2. The Wild Geese and the Water 3. This, This, A Thousand Times This: The Very Essence of Zen 4. Nirvana: The Last Nightmare&nbsp; 5. Beyond Enlightenment 6. Beyond Psychology 7. Dang Dang Doko Dang 8. The Discipline of Transcendence 9. The Dhammapada: The Way of the Buddha 10. From Bondage to Freedom 11. From Darkness to Light 12. From Ignorance to Innocence 13. The Secret of Secrets, Vol 1 14. From Personality to Individuality 15. I Celebrate Myself: God Is No Where, Life Is Now Here 16. Yoga: The Alpha and the Omega, Vol 4 17. Zen: The Path of Paradox, Vol 1 &nbsp;